What Is Insomnia?
Insomnia is a sleep disorder where people struggle to fall asleep, stay asleep, or wake too early and cannot return to sleep. It often leads to daytime fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, and reduced quality of life.
About 1 in 10 adults experience chronic insomnia at any given time.
What causes insomnia?
Insomnia often develops due to a combination of stress, worry, and changes to sleep habits. A helpful explanation of insomnia is the Three Ps model, first described by sleep researcher Arthur Spielman.
Predisposing factors
Some people are naturally more vulnerable to insomnia due to personality traits, stress sensitivity, or lighter sleep patterns.
Precipitating factors
A stressful life event can trigger insomnia, such as illness, job stress, bereavement, or major life changes.
Perpetuating factors
Certain behaviours that develop in response to poor sleep can unintentionally keep insomnia going, such as:
spending too long in bed
napping during the day
worrying about sleep
relying on caffeine to stay awake
What impact does insomnia have on health?
Chronic insomnia can have a significant impact on wellbeing and health.
Poor sleep is associated with:
reduced concentration and memory
irritability and low mood
increased risk of workplace accidents
reduced productivity
Long-term sleep deprivation is also linked to increased risk of:
heart disease
stroke
type 2 diabetes
What is the best treatment for insomnia?
The most effective treatment for chronic insomnia is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBTi).
CBTi is recommended by:
the NHS
NICE guidelines
International sleep organisations including the American Sleep Society
It focuses on addressing the thoughts and behaviours that keep insomnia going.
CBTi typically involves techniques such as:
Improving sleep routines
Reducing sleep anxiety
Rebuilding a healthy sleep pattern
When should you seek treatment for insomnia?
If sleep problems occur several times per week and have lasted more than a few weeks, it may be helpful to seek professional support.
CBTi is widely recognised as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.